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There was concluded in Washington on December 15,1931, an arbitration between the Central Powers and the United States of claims arising out of the seizure by the United States of enemy-owned ships, patents and radio stations during the World War. The arbitration was unique in that, instead of being brought about as the result of a treaty or a convention between the Powers in question, it was instituted as the result of an Act of Congress by which a special tribunal was established for the hearing of such claims against the United States. Thus we are confronted with the unusual spectacle of a Power against whom the claims were asserted, recognizing such claims by a legislative act on its own part, without any bilateral agreement, and establishing of its own accord a special tribunal for the determination of the claims. It was consequently an arbitration international in its scope, but conducted before a domestic tribunal.

Although the development of international law has tended more and more to confine the operations of war to such as are directed against the armed forces of the belligerents and to relieve the peaceful population from their immediate effects, nevertheless a number of practices employed principally for the purpose of bringing economic pressure to bear upon the general mass of enemy non-combatants, still survive in full vigor and are well recognized as legitimate. One of the most important of this class of operations is blockade. The end of blockade is to cut off trade and intercourse with specified ports or with a specified coast line in possession of the enemy.

Book Reviews LIONS UNDER THE THRONE By Charles P. Curtis, Jr. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Pp. xviii, 368. $3.50 MR. JUSTICE BLACK: THE MAN AND His OPINIONS By John P. Frank (Introduction by Charles A. Beard) New York: Knopf Company, 1949.Pp. xix, 357. $4.00 ON UNDERSTANDING THE SUPREME COURT By Paul A. Freund Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1949. Pp. vi, 130. $3.00 MELVILLE VESTON FULLER: CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE UNITED STATES, 1888-1919 By Willard L. King New York: Macmillan Company, 1950. Pp.394. $5.00 CHIEF JUSTICE STONE AND THE SUPREME COURT By Samuel J. Konefsky (Prefatory Note by Charles A. Beard) New York: Macmillan Company,1949. Pp. xxvi, 289. $3.00 THE CONSTITUTIONAL WORLD OF MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER: SOME REPRESENTATIVE OPINIONS By Samuel J. Konefsky New York: Macmillan Company, 1949. Pp. xviii, 325. $4.50 THE NINE YOUNG MEN By Wesley McCune New York: Harper & Brothers,1947. Pp. viii, 299. $3.50 BRANDEIS: A FREE MAN'S LIFE By Alpheus Thomas Mason New York:Viking, 1946. Pp. xiii, 713. $5.00 THE ROOSEVELT COURT: A STUDY IN JUDICIAL POLITICS AND VALUES, 1937-1947 By C.'Herman Pritchett New York: Macmillan Company, 1948.Pp. 314. $5.00 HUGO BLACK: A STUDY IN THE JUDICIAL PROCESS By Charlotte Williams Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1950. Pp. 208. $3.50 A Symposium to the Memory of Wiley B. Rutledge (1894-1949) Iowa Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Summer, 1950). Pp. 541-692. Issue Dedicated to the Memory of Mr. Justice Murphy MICH. L. REv.,Vol. 48, No. 6 (April, 1950). Pp. 737-810. $1.00 per issue. reviewer: Carl Brent Swisher ============================ CASES AND MATERIALS ON CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Fourth Edition. By Walter F. Dodd. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1949. Pp. xxxv, 1477. Salie, SHORTER SELECTION Fourth Edition, 1950. Pp. xxix, 950. Same, 1950 SUPPLEMENT. Pp. vii, 23. CASES ON CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Fourth Edition. By Noel T. Dowling Brooklyn: The Foundation Press, Inc., 1950. Pp. =xxv, 1273. CASES AND MATERIALS ON CONSTITUTIONAL LAW By John P. Frank Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1950. Pp. xxviii, ...